Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
In a world where attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly being recognised and understood, it's essential to shed light on the common mental health conditions that often accompany this neurodevelopmental disorder in adults. Recent research indicates that up to 80% of adults with ADHD may have at least one coexisting condition, making it crucial for healthcare professionals to consider these comorbidities in a comprehensive evaluation.
ADHD, also known as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), is characterised by symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Although the exact cause of ADHD remains unclear, genetics are believed to play a significant role. For those diagnosed with ADHD, managing symptoms can significantly improve their ability to carry on with daily activities without interruption.
One of the most common coexisting conditions associated with adult ADHD is anxiety disorders. Adults with ADHD frequently experience anxiety, including generalised anxiety, social anxiety, and separation anxiety. The stress of managing ADHD symptoms can increase the risk of anxiety disorders. Depression is another common co-occurrence, with studies finding that up to about 53% of adults with ADHD may also have depression.
Substance use disorders (SUD) are also prevalent among adults with ADHD. Research shows that about half of adults aged 20-39 with ADHD have had a substance use disorder in their lifetime, more than twice the rate seen in non-ADHD adults. The most common substance used by people with ADHD is cigarette use, followed by alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, or cocaine.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD, particularly reported in women with ADHD, also affect a notable portion of adults with the condition. Eating disorders, sleep disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), learning disabilities, and sensory processing disorders are other common coexisting conditions.
Additional considerations include migraines, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and autism spectrum disorder, especially reported in women with ADHD.
The presence of these coexisting conditions not only impacts symptom severity and treatment needs but also significantly affects educational, employment, and social outcomes. In clinical practice, a comprehensive evaluation for ADHD ideally includes assessment for these common coexisting conditions to enable a coordinated and effective treatment approach.
If you believe that you are experiencing symptoms of ADHD that are interfering with your daily activities, it's essential to seek medical help. A person should see a doctor if they suspect they may have ADHD, as early diagnosis and treatment can lead to improved quality of life. With the right support, adults with ADHD can lead successful and fulfilling lives.
Mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder, often coexist with ADHD in adults, adding complexity to treatment strategies. Science continues to explore the links between ADHD and health-and-wellness, identifying numerous coexisting conditions like anxiety disorders, depression, substance use disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, sleep disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, learning disabilities, sensory processing disorders, migraines, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Therapies-and-treatments for ADHD that account for these coexisting conditions are crucial for better outcomes in education, employment, and social life.
