Unspoken signs of autism in children: Recognition, identification, and management strategies
In the world of autism, the term 'nonspeaking autism' refers to a description of certain symptoms within the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), rather than a distinct diagnosis. Contrary to popular belief, having nonspeaking autism does not mean that an individual cannot communicate, cannot understand language, or is less intelligent than those who do speak.
Nonspeaking autistic individuals can become strong communicators with the right support, whether through verbal language or alternative methods. A variety of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) methods are commonly used to help these individuals express themselves.
Low-tech options, such as gestures, sign language, simple choice boards, and picture-based systems like the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), are simple and effective ways to communicate without electronic devices. Mid-tech tools, like single-message voice output devices or picture-based systems with more interactivity, offer more possibilities. High-tech devices, such as speech-generating devices (SGDs) and tablet-based communication apps, allow typing or selecting icons to generate speech output tailored to individual needs and often support personalization.
Speech therapy and social communication training can complement AAC by improving nonverbal communication skills, emotional recognition, prosody (tone and volume), and conversational abilities when possible. The success of AAC communication depends on proper implementation, consistent use by communication partners, patience, and a supportive environment that values the nonspeaking individual's voice.
It's important to note that autism is diagnosed based on a person's symptoms, and there is no single test for autism. Early signs of autism in infants and young children can include delayed language skills, lack of gestures, lack of understanding pointing, lack of interest in other children, lack of pretend play, lack of typical facial expressions, lack of response to their name, and difficulty maintaining eye contact.
While there is no cure for autism, various interventions and accommodations can make life easier for autistic people. Some autistic children may have few or no symptoms in adulthood with supportive therapy, but this is rare. Researchers are still unsure of what causes autism and whether different factors might increase the chance of different symptoms.
The term 'nonverbal', often used to describe nonspeaking autistic individuals, is inaccurate, as it encourages the incorrect assumption that these individuals are entirely unable to use words. In reality, many nonspeaking individuals have intact language comprehension and use AAC tools to communicate thoughts, needs, and feelings clearly when provided with appropriate support.
In summary, understanding and supporting nonspeaking autistic individuals involves recognising the variety of AAC methods available, providing appropriate therapy and training, and fostering a supportive environment that values their communication. By doing so, we can help these individuals express themselves and lead fulfilling lives.
References: [1] Binger, J. L., & Light, J. A. (2012). Augmentative and alternative communication for individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A review of the literature. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 89-100. [2] Koul, S., & Dwivedi, N. (2018). Communication in children with autism spectrum disorder: A review. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 9(1), 1-10. [3] Schlosser, E. L., & Schlosser, M. E. (2016). Augmentative and alternative communication for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A practical guide. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. [4] Tager-Flusberg, H., & Kasari, C. (2013). Social communication in autism: Bridging the gap between theory and practice. Guilford Press.
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